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Sains Malaysiana 54(9)(2025): 2113-2123
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5409-01
Acute
Insecticides Mixture Induced Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage and Nuclear
Abnormalities in Three Economically Important Freshwater Species Catla catla, Cirrhina mrigala, (Campuran Racun Insektisida Akut Tekanan Oksidatif, Kerosakan DNA dan Keabnormalan Nuklear dalam Tiga Spesies Air Tawar Penting Secara Ekonomi Catla catla, Cirrhina mrigala dan Labeo rohita)
HUMA NAZ1,*, SAJID ABDULLAH2, TANVEER AHMED3,, NAJEEB-UR-REHMAN1, BASHARAT ALI4,
KOUSAR AZIZ5, MUHAMMAD ADEEL HASSAN6, NIMRA ZAHID1,
WARISHA SAIF1, MUHAMMAD AHMAD1, MAHNOOR CHAUDARY7,
RASHID IQBAL8,9, ABEER HASHEM10, GRACIELA DOLORES
AVILA-QUEZADA11, KHALID F. ALMUTAIRI12
1Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Received: 9 July
2024/Accepted: 10 July 2025
Abstract
Insecticides
are the most significant pollutants that negatively affect the aquatic
ecosystem globally. They are extensively applied in various industries and
agriculture to manage the pests and weeds. The freshwater ecosystems are
especially vulnerable to these insecticides because insecticides enter into them through leaching, drifting, runoff and
drainage. Insecticides can adversely affect the aquatic animals including fish.
Therefore, the experiment was conducted to evaluate the acute toxic effect of
bifenthrin(B), chlorpyrifos(C) and endosulfan(E) mixtures on antioxidant
enzymes (SOD, CAT, Pox, and GST) activities and genotoxic potential in three
fish species Cirrhina mrigala, Labeo rohita, and Catla catla exposed
for 4 days. Results demonstrated that the CAT activity increased in
gills (G), liver (L), and kidney (K) of three fish species exposed tertiary
mixture while it was decreased in brain (B), heart (H) and muscle (M) of fish.
Comparison among three fish species showed that there was minor difference
among fish species for CAT activity. Exposure of insecticides mixture caused a
significant increase in GST, POx, and SOD activities
in all selected organs of three species of fish. GST activity was maximum in B
of fish followed by the L, M, K, G, and H. The POx activity in organs of three fish species followed the trend:
L>B>G>K>H>M. The SOD activity in organs of fish followed the
trend: L>B>K>G>H>M. DNA damage in terms of micronuclei (MN),
nuclear abnormalities (BN, DN, BLN, NN, and DEN), genetic damage index (GDI)
and % damaged nuclei (DN) in peripheral erythrocytes of three fishes increased
significantly as a result of pesticides exposure with increasing duration as
96>72>48>24-h. The highest damage in DNA (DN and GDI), NA and MN were observed in erythrocytes of C. catla followed by that of C. mrigala and L. rohita. As a conclusion,
antioxidant activities and DNA damage of different fish species based on their
physiological differences may be useful biomarker for evaluation of aquatic
pollution.
Keywords: Acute;
CAT; fish; genotoxicity; GST; organs; POx; SOD;
toxicants
Abstract
Racun serangga adalah bahan pencemar paling ketara yang memberi kesan negatif kepada ekosistem akuatik di seluruh dunia. Ia digunakan secara meluas dalam pelbagai industri dan pertanian untuk menguruskan perosak dan rumpai. Ekosistem air tawar amat terdedah kepada racun serangga ini kerana ia masuk ke dalamnya melalui larut lesap,
air hanyut, air larian dan saliran. Insektisida boleh memberi kesan buruk kepada haiwan akuatik termasuk ikan. Oleh itu, uji kaji ini dijalankan untuk menilai kesan toksik akut campuran bifenthrin(B), chlorpyrifos(C) dan
endosulfan(E) kepada aktiviti enzim antioksidan (SOD,
CAT, POx dan GST) serta potensi genoketoksikan dalam tiga spesies ikan Cirrhina mrigala, Labeo rohita dan Catla catla yang terdedah selama 4 hari. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa aktiviti CAT meningkat dalam insang (G), hati (L) dan buah pinggang (K) tiga spesies ikan terdedah kepada campuran tertier manakala ia berkurangan dalam otak (B), jantung (H) dan otot (M) ikan. Perbandingan antara tiga spesies ikan ini menunjukkan terdapat perbezaan kecil antara spesies ikan untuk aktiviti CAT. Pendedahan campuran racun serangga menyebabkan peningkatan ketara dalam aktiviti GST, POx dan SOD dalam semua organ terpilih bagi tiga spesies ikan ini. Aktiviti GST adalah maksimum dalam B ikan diikuti oleh L, M,
K, G dan H. Aktiviti POx dalam organ tiga spesies ikan mengikut trend:
L>B>G>K>H>M. Aktiviti SOD dalam organ ikan mengikut trend:
L>B>K>G>H>M. Kerosakan DNA dari segi mikronukleus (MN), keabnormalan nuklear (BN, DN, BLN, NN dan DEN), indeks kerosakan genetik (GDI) dan % nukleus rosak (DN) dalam eritrosit periferi tiga ekor ikan meningkat dengan ketara akibat pendedahan racun perosak dengan peningkatan tempoh 96>72>48>24-jam. Kerosakan tertinggi dalam DNA (DN dan
GDI), NA dan MN diperhatikan dalam eritrosit C. catla diikuti oleh C. mrigala dan L. rohita. Sebagai kesimpulan, aktiviti antioksidan dan kerosakan DNA spesies ikan yang berbeza berdasarkan perbezaan fisiologi mereka mungkin penanda bio berguna untuk penilaian pencemaran akuatik.
Kata kunci: Akut; CAT; ikan; genoketoksikan; GST; organ; POx;
SOD; ketoksikan
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